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Clippers: Fig.20

        Clipping circuits are used to select thatpart of the input wave which lies above or below some reference level.
Fig.20
In this clipper circuit

       Vo = Vi if Vi

       Vo = V R if Vi>VR
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In this clipper circuit

             Vo = Vi

             Vo = VR
if Vi>VR

if Vi
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considering third approximation
Now,
Vo = Vi
if Vi<(V R+V r)
When Vi>(V R+Vr)    diode D conducts and the equivalent circuit becomes
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             y=mx+c

The current i in the circuit is given by
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When Vi < (VR-Vr), D condcuts and the equivalent circuit becomes
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Therefore
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Clipping at two independent levels

           VR1 < VR2
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